A.P. EUROPEAN HISTORY

A WORLD LIT ONLY BY FIRE

Directions: Answer the following questions as you read A World Lit Only by Fire. You do not have to use complete sentences.

Part I - The Medieval Mind (pp. 3-28)

1. Read the first eight pages and give one example of the violence of the age.
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
2. How was this a paradox with the Church?
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
3. Who was the leading Christian writer/theologian of the time?
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
4. What was Henry IV's punishment for appointing bishops without the approval of the pope?
• He was excommunicated.
• He was forced to kneel in the snow for three days outside a papal castle.
• both of these
• neither of these

5. Give one example of why the pagan gods were still so appealing.
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
6. Briefly explain the origin of sainthood.
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
7. In what ways did Christianity embrace paganism?
• Many Christian holidays were placed on pagan holidays.
• Patron saints replaced pagan gods.
• both of these
• neither of these

8. Prior to the development of hereditary monarchy, who had to approve of each king prior to his coronation?
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
9. How much knowledge did the peasantry have of the Great Schism?
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
10. To what extent did the peasantry have a sense of time?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
11. "The Church was _________________________, the afterlife a _________________________; all knowledge was already _________________________. And _________________________________________________________________."
12. How would the Renaissance challenge the ideas above? (The answer is not stated directly in your book, so you'll have to think about it.)
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
13. Even though modern historians have abandoned the phrase "Dark Ages" because it has a negative connotation, Manchester finds it and appropriate for this period of history. How might Manchester be wrong? (There is no one right answer.)
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

Part II - The Shattering (Social Problems and Corruption in the Church, pp. 31-86)

14. Read the first six pages and give one example of how secular rulers used torture or execution.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
15. Simony is
• absolution from purgatory for a monetary fee.
• the buying and selling of Church offices.
• giving preferential treatment to relatives.
• a rebirth of classical learning.

16. Give one example of how religious leaders used torture or execution from pp. 37-40.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
17. What were "indulgences" and how did they work?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
18. True or False: The popes enforced clerical celibacy.
19. What is nepotism and how was it used by the popes? Give an example.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
20. With what offense did Girolamo Savonarola charge Alexander VI?
• living a dissolute life
• simony
• both of these
• neither of these

21. How did Alexander try to buy his silence?
• with money
• with an appointment as cardinal
• both of these
• neither of these

22. What did Alexander eventually do with Savonarola?
• condemned him as a heretic and had him tortured
• hanged and burned him
• all of these
• none of these

23. What was the Holy Roman Empire?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
24. What happened to criminals? What didn't happen to them?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
25. Who was Jakob Fugger?
• a town watchman
• an important banker
• both of these
• neither of these

26. Name all the occupants of the family bed.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
27. What could happen to a traveler during a famine?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
28. How tall were men?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
29. At what age did most women die?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
30. Give one example of how table manners have changed since the Middle Ages.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
31. Describe, in detail, Count Fulk's punishment for his crimes.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
32. Describe one of the superstitions on page 61.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
33. Give one example from page 64 of what could happen to travelers.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
34. True or False: "Robin Hood robbed from the rich and gave to the poor."
35. At what age could a girl legally marry? At what age could a boy legally marry?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
36. By what method(s) did girls convince boys to marry them?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
37. Who were the cleanest people in Europe and why were they so clean?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
38. How did Alexander VI use his daughter, Lucezia, for political gain? (Hint: Think of annulment.)
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
39. Would you describe the popes of the late medieval period as being pious or debauched? Why?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

Part II - The Shattering (The Arts and Learning, pp. 86-131)

40. What was Copernicus's theory of the universe and how did the pope react to it?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
41. Why were some people suspicious of Leonardo da Vinci?
• He talked about his work instead of keeping it quiet like Copernicus had.
• He was left-handed.
• He wrote backwards.
• All of the above.

42. Who improved upon the Chinese invention of moveable type?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
43. What is the overall estimate for male and female illiteracy?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
44. True or False: Literacy and printing increase faithfulness in the Church.
45. What were the three main disciplines taught at medieval universities?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
46. Define "Renaissance."
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
47. What did Renaissance professors declare to be superior to the three traditional fields of study?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
48. Who was the leading humanist?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
49. True or False: Humanists were more concerned about the here and now instead of the afterlife.
50. Why did Galileo and Pico displease the Church?
• They did not contribute enough money to it.
• They did not view Man in traditional terms.
• both of these
• neither of these

51. What was the title of Erasmus's first book and whom did he attack in it?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

Part II - The Shattering (The Protestant Reformation, pp. 131-219)

52. Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses were, in part, a response to the selling of indulgences by whom?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
53. According to Luther's father, since children were born wicked, it was virtuous for parents to do what?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
54. True or False: Luther made an attempt at reconciliation with the pope.
55. "In defying the organized church, Luther had done something else. He had broken the dam of ______________________________... Because _______________ and _______________ were so entwined in central Europe, Luther's challenge to ecclesiastical prestige encouraged a proletariat to demand _______________________________________________________________."
56. What did Luther do with the papal bull of excommunication?
• He accepted it and retired to private life.
• He challenged it in an appearance before the pope.
• He debated it with Johann Eck.
• He burned it.

57. Why did Luther publish in German instead of Latin or Greek?
• He wanted people to read what he had written.
• He had little knowledge of either language.
• both of these
• neither of these

58. Read pages 166-174. Why did the secular leaders (the members of the diet) support Luther?
• They were mesmerized by Luther's speaking style.
• They believed Luther was a saint.
• They were offended by the sale of indulgences.
• They wanted political independence from the Holy Roman Emperor and the pope.

59. What was the major issue that divided Protestants?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
60. Read page 190 and describe Calvin's attitude toward criticism. Give examples.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
61. Read page 191 and describe how much fun life was in Geneva. Give examples.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
62. How many people were killed by Charles V's army when it invaded Rome?
• fewer than 4000
• 4000-8000
• 8000-12,000
• more than 12,000

63. Who did the Church blame for the sacrilege?
• Protestants
• Jews
• Muslims
• the people of Rome

64. What title was Henry VIII given by the pope in return for his efforts in suppressing Lutheranism?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
65. What did Henry use as justification for his annulment?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
66. Why could the pope not grant him the annulment?
• The pope believed in would violate Leviticus 20:21.
• The pope was too busy rebuilding Rome.
• The pope could not risk offending Charles V, Catherine's nephew.
• The pope could not risk offending the Archbishop of Canterbury.

67. What kind of reputation did the Boleyn women have? Was it deserved?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
68. How much of English land was owned by the Catholic Church?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
69. What happened to Thomas More after he spoke out against Henry?
• He was expelled from England.
• He was imprisoned in the Tower of London and tortured.
• He was beheaded.
• He was hanged, drawn and quartered, and left to rot on the docks of London.

70. Which of Henry's daughters finally restored order to England?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

Part III - One Man Alone (pp. 221-296)

Answer each of the following in a 6-8 sentence paragraph. (15 points each)

1. Was Magellan the "mightiest explorer in history," as Manchester says he was, or was he a lunatic with god-like delusions who could not even finish the job he started? Give several examples to back up your position.
2. Who had the greatest impact on history-Luther or Magellan? Give several examples.